一任务来源
我国水资源人均占有量仅为世界人均的1／4，水资源严重短缺。我国经济正处于快速增长期，工业用水大幅度增长，水资源供需矛盾将更加突出，水资源不足已成为制约国民经济和社会发展的重要因素。随着城镇经济快速发展，人口迅速增加，城镇生活污水排放量逐年增多，而大多数城镇污水处理设施不够完善，生活污水未经处理直接排放，严重污染了环境。国家对城镇生活污水处理问题高度重视，明确要求到2010年全国设市城市和建制镇污水平均处理率不低于50%。当前，各地都在加快城市污水处理厂的建设，在此其中，小区污水处理的建设占据了很重要的地位。因此建设小区污水处理厂是一个污水处理的一个重要趋势。
本文是关于日处理1万吨的某生活小区污水处理厂的设计。该设计采用了传统的活性污泥法作为处理的主体工艺。但是我们综合考虑了该小区的污水的特点，结合个方面因素，设计一个工艺流程合理，布局合适的污水处理厂。
该城市居民生活小区位于市郊，污水排放量为10000吨/日，主要来源于小区居民的日常生活排放的卫生间粪便冲洗水、淋浴水、厨房废水以及日常清洗废水。
基础资料：
水量：10000m3/d；
进水水质：BOD5:200~250mg/L；SS：150～200mg/L。
出水水质：处理后出水要求达到国家污水综合排放标准（GB8978-2002）二级标准，BOD5≤30mg/L；SS≤30mg/L。
I Source of Mission
With the rapid development of town economy and population, the wastewater discharge amount is increasing year by year. It seriously damages environment. The government pays high attention to processing wastewater of town and make definite requirement to improving processing rate to 50% in every city and town before 2010. Now, our people are working for constructing the wastewater treatment plant as quickly as possible. And the most important is the constructing community treatment plant, which is major trend of wastewater processing. This paper concerns a design of wastewater treatment plant which has ten thousand processing capacity per day in a living district. The core processing technique of the design is the Activated Sludge Process. Considering the feature and every aspect of living district, it designs a new wastewater treatment plant which has reasonable processing and suitable structures. This living district is in suburb and wastewater discharge amount is 10000 ton per day. Wastewater is mainly from washing water, shower water and other waste water in daily life.
Amount: 10000m3/d；
inlet water quality：BOD5:200~250mg/L；SS：150～200mg/L。
outlet water quality：the effluent water could reach the second grade of the National Standard for Wastewater Discharge Standard（GB8978-2002），BOD5≤30mg/L；SS≤30mg/L.
二设计标准
(1)该厂的进出水水质水量资料；
(2)《中华人民共和国污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）；
(3)《给水排水快速设计手册》；
三设计原则
(1).本设计方案严格执行国家有关环境保护的各项规定,废水处理后必须确保各项出水水质指标均达到城市废水排放要求。
(2).针对本工程的具体情况和特点,采用成熟可靠的处理工艺和设备,尽量采用新技术、新材料,实用性与先进性兼顾,以实用可靠为主。
(3).处理系统运行应有较大的灵活性和调节余地,以适应水质、水量变化。
(4).管理、运行、维修方便,尽量考虑操作自动化,减少劳动强度。
(5).在不影响处理效果的前提下,充分利用原有的构筑物和设施,节省工程费用,减少占地面积和运行费。
(6).降低噪声,改善废水处理站及周围环境。
(7).本处理工艺流程要求耐冲击负荷,有可靠的运行稳定性。
四主要技术资料
活性污泥法是处理城市生活污水最广泛使用的方法,它能从污水中去除溶解的和胶体的可生物降解的有机物以及能被活性污泥吸附的悬浮固体和其它一些物质.它既适用于大流量的污水处理,也适用于小流量的污水处理.运行方式灵活,日常运行费用较低,但管理要求较高.活性污泥法本质上与天然水体的自净过程相似,二者都为好氧生物过程,只是它的净化强度大,因而活性污泥法是天然水体自净作用的人工化和强化.
活性污泥法由曝气池,沉淀池,污泥回流系统和剩余污泥排除系统所组成,各级处理效果与总处理效果比较好,出水水质达标.
(1)格栅
格栅是用来去除可能堵塞水泵机组及管道阀门的较粗大悬浮物,并保证后续处理设施能正常运行的设备.
(2)初沉池(平流式)
初次沉淀池的作用是对污水中的以无机物为主体的比重的固体悬浮物进行沉淀分离.可去除30%左右的BOD5和55%的SS.
(3)曝气池
曝气池是一个生物反映器,共设两组,
(4)二沉池(竖流式)
二次沉淀池是对污水中的以微生物为主体的,比重小的,因水流作用易发生上浮的生物固体悬浮物进行沉淀的部分.竖流式沉淀池排泥方便,管理简单,占地面积小.
(5)污泥浓缩池(重力浓缩)
污泥浓缩池是降低污泥含水率,减少污泥体积的有效设备.重力浓缩实际上是自重压密的过程.
IV The Main Technical Documentation
The Activated Sludge Process is the most widely used in Domestic Wastewater Treatment, which could remove the dissolved and colloidal biodegradable Organic Compounds from wastewater. It is not only suitable for the large flow sewage treatment, but also for the smaller one. This treatment is characterized by low running cost and flexible operation, while, it demands the high management. The activated sludge process is essentially similar with the water self-clean process in nature. Both of them are aerobic organisms’ process. For its high strength of purification, the activated sludge process is the artificial and strengthening natural water self-purification process.
The activated sludge process contains Aeration Tank, Sedimentation Tank, Sludge Recycling System and Waste Activated Sludge Exclude System. The treatment effects at all levels are good as well as the general treatment effect. That is, the treated water could reach the water quality standard.
(1) Grid
Grid is used to remove the massive suspended matters which possibly block water pump set and pipeline valve, and to make sure the following apparatus normally operation.
(2) Primary Sediment Tank (Horizontal Flow type)
The function of Primary Sediment Tank is to precipitate and separate the suspended solid (SS), which mainly the inorganic compounds, in wastewater. It can remove 30% BOD5 and 55% SS more or less.
(3) Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank is a biological reflecting device with two groups.
(4) Secondary Sedimentation Tank (Vertical Flow type)
It is to precipitate the biological suspended solid, which mainly relies on the microbial, lower specific gravity and easily floating. The advantages are obviously in convenient use, simple management and small floor area.
(5) Sludge Thickener (Gravity Thickening)
The effective device designs for decreasing water content of the sludge and reducing the sludge volume. In fact, it is a dead weight pressure consolidation process.
我在设计中查阅的有关手册：《废水处理工程》；《给排水设计手册》；《给水排水快速设计手册（卷1）》；《水处理工程师手册》；《给水排水快速设计手册（卷2）》；《给水排水快速设计手册（卷4）》等。
Related Literature:
Wastewater Treatment Project,
Design Manual for Water Supply & Drainage,
Rapid Design Manual for Water Supply & Drainage (Vol.1),
Water Treatment Engineer Handbook,
Rapid Design Manual for Water Supply & Drainage (Vol.2),
Rapid Design Manual for Water Supply & Drainage (Vol.4), etc.
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